词典网站Dictionary.com公布2022年度词汇：Woman

今天，词典网站Dictionary.com公布了2022年度词汇：Woman（女性）。

🤔️小作业：

1.「.com」要怎么朗读？

2. How to define the word 'woman'?

3. What is 'quiet quitting'?

4. What is 'Wordle'?

无注释原文：

Dictionary.com announces word of the year: ‘woman’

From: The Guardian

The website Dictionary.com has named its word of the year for 2022: woman.

In a statement, the website said: “Our selection of woman … reflects how the intersection of gender, identity and language dominates the current cultural conversation and shapes much of our work as a dictionary.”

It also said: “Searches for the word woman on Dictionary.com spiked significantly multiple times in relation to separate high-profile events, including the moment when a question about the very definition of the word was posed on the national stage.”

That was a reference to a supreme court confirmation hearing in March, when the nominee, Ketanji Brown Jackson, was asked by Marsha Blackburn, a Republican senator from Tennessee, to define the word woman.

Jackson said: “No I can’t.”

Soon after, Jackson became the first Black woman confirmed to the court.

Searches for woman increased by 1,400% after the hearing, Dictionary.com said, the highest spike for the word this year.

According to Dictionary.com, the definition of woman is “an adult female person”.

Other key moments that led to the word being chosen included the supreme court voting to overturn Roe v Wade and thereby revoke the constitutional right to abortion; the death of Queen Elizabeth II; tennis player Serena William’s retirement announcement; freedom protests led by women in Iran; and more.

Referring to the supreme court abortion decision, Dictionary.com said: “Unsurprisingly, it resulted in both polarization and galvanization. That dynamic played out in November’s midterm elections, which upended trends and expectations.

“The outcome has been attributed in part to an electorate, and particularly women, voting in reaction to the Dobbs ruling. The election also added to the ranks of the nation’s women governors, resulting in what will be a record number of women – 12 – serving as governors in 2023.”

Dictionary.com’s senior director of editorial, John Kelly, said that to qualify as word of the year, a word must see “a significant increase in searches” and “capture the major cultural themes and trends in language” for the 12 months in question.

In 2022, shortlisted words included inflation, quiet quitting, democracy, the Ukraine flag emoji and Wordle – the last a popular word game bought by the New York Times.

In 2021, Dictionary.com named allyship as its word of the year. Previous words of the year were pandemic (2020), existential (2019), misinformation (2018), complicit (2017), xenophobia (2016), identity (2015), exposure (2014), privacy (2013), bluster (2012), tergiversate (2011), and change (2010).

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应

含注释全文：

Dictionary.com announces word of the year: ‘woman’

From: The Guardian

The website Dictionary.com has named its word of the year for 2022: woman.

词典网站Dictionary.com公布2022年年度词汇：Woman。

In a statement, the website said: “Our selection of woman … reflects how the intersection of gender, identity and language dominates the current cultural conversation and shapes much of our work as a dictionary.”

该网站在一份声明中说：“我们选择的Woman这个词…反映了性别、身份和语言的交织如何主导当今的文化对话，并影响着我们词典的大部分工作。”

intersect

intersection /ˌɪn.təˈsek.ʃən/ 表示“（两条线的）相交；交点”，英文解释为“an occasion when two lines cross, or the place where this happens”举个🌰：

The intersection of the lines on the graph marks the point where we start to make a profit. 图上几条线的交点就是我们的开始盈利点。

也可以表示“交叉路口；十字路口”，英文解释为“the place where two or more roads join or cross each other”如：a busy intersection 繁忙的十字路口。

dominate

表示“占支配地位；占主导地位；拥有优势；最明显的”，英文解释为“To dominate a situation means to be the most powerful or important person or thing in it.”举个🌰：

The book is expected to dominate the best-seller lists. 这本书预期将居畅销书榜首。

It also said: “Searches for the word woman on Dictionary.com spiked significantly multiple times in relation to separate high-profile events, including the moment when a question about the very definition of the word was posed on the national stage.”

声明中还提到：“Dictionary.com上对Woman这个词的搜索量在广受关注的不同事件中大幅飙升了多次，包括在全国性舞台上提出关于Woman这个词如何定义的问题。”

spike

在剑桥词典公布2020年度词汇：Quarantine中同样出现了这个词，1）作名词，可以理解为“峰值”或者“激增；猛增；急升”，英文解释为“a sharp increase in the magnitude or concentration of something”，如：a spike in oil prices 油价的急剧上涨。

2）也可以作动词，同样表示“激增”，英文解释为“if the number or rate of something spikes, it increases quickly and by a large amount ”举个🌰：

New orders have spiked in the last two years. 新订单在过去两年里激增。

in relation to

in/with relation to sth 表示“关于，有关，涉及”，英文解释为“in connection with something”举个🌰：

She used the map to discover where she was in relation to her surroundings. 她对照地图看周围环境来确定她所处的位置。

profile

profile一词经常出现，1）表示“（有关某人的）简介，概况”，英文解释为“A profile of someone is a short article or programme in which their life and character are described.”举个🌰：

A newspaper published comparative profiles of the candidates' wives. 一份报纸刊登了候选人妻子们的对比简介。

2）表示“关注度”，英文解释为“If someone has a high profile, people notice them and what they do. If you keep a low profile, you avoid doing things that will make people notice you.”常用：a high profile 惹人注目/关注；高姿态，a low profile 不惹人注目，低姿态；如：a move that would give Egypt a much higher profile in the upcoming peace talks 会给埃及在即将到来的和平谈判中高关注度的一个行动。

📍如果你把微信语言设置成英文，你就会发现微信官方把头像处理成：Profile Photo，上面的“My Profile”对应的中文则是“个人信息”。

pose

摆pose这个词大家应该都比较熟悉，而pose作动词，1）表示“摆好姿势（拍照）”，英文解释为“to move into and stay in a particular position, in order to be photographed, painted, etc.”举个🌰：

We all posed for our photographs next to the Statue of Liberty. 我们都在自由女神像边摆好了姿势拍照。

2）表示“造成，引起（尤指问题或困难）”，英文解释为“to cause something, especially a problem or difficulty”举个🌰：

Nuclear weapons pose a threat to everyone. 核武器对所有的人都构成了威胁。

3）表示“（尤指在正式场合）提出（问题），质询”，英文解释为“to ask a question, especially in a formal situation such as a meeting”举个🌰：

Can we go back to the question that LR posed earlier? 我们能否回到LR早先提出的那个问题上去？（小作业做了吗？）

That was a reference to a supreme court confirmation hearing in March, when the nominee, Ketanji Brown Jackson, was asked by Marsha Blackburn, a Republican senator from Tennessee, to define the word woman.

这是指3月份的最高法院确认听证会，当时来自田纳西州的共和党参议员玛莎·布莱克本（Marsha Blackburn）要求提名人凯坦吉·布朗·杰克逊（Ketanji Brown Jackson）定义Woman一词。

reference

reference /ˈref.ər.əns/ 1）表示“提到；谈到；论及”，英文解释为“a mention of something”举个🌰：

Knowing what had happened, I avoided making any reference to (= mentioning) weddings. 因为我知道发生了什么，所以就避开不谈婚礼的事儿。

2）表示“引文出处；参考书目”，英文解释为“a writer or a book, article, etc. that is mentioned in a piece of writing, showing you where particular information was found”

hearing

表示“审讯；审理；听审；听证会”，英文解释为“an official meeting at which the facts about a crime, complaint, etc. are presented to the person or group of people who will have to decide what action to take”。

nominee

nominee /ˌnɒmɪˈniː/ 表示“候选人；被提名人”，英文解释为“A nominee is someone who is nominated for a job, position, or award.”如：an Oscar nominee 获得奥斯卡提名的人。

senator

表示“参议员”，英文解释为“a politician who has been elected to a Senate”举个🌰：

Only two senators voted against the bill. 只有两名参议员反对这一法案。

Jackson said: “No I can’t.”

杰克逊说：“不，我不能。”

Soon after, Jackson became the first Black woman confirmed to the court.

不久之后，杰克逊成为美国最高法院首位黑人女性大法官。

Searches for woman increased by 1,400% after the hearing, Dictionary.com said, the highest spike for the word this year.

该网站指出，听证会后，对Woman的搜索量增加了1400%，是该词今年的搜索峰值。

According to Dictionary.com, the definition of woman is “an adult female person”.

据该网站，Woman的定义是“an adult female person（成年女子）”。

Other key moments that led to the word being chosen included the supreme court voting to overturn Roe v Wade and thereby revoke the constitutional right to abortion; the death of Queen Elizabeth II; tennis player Serena William’s retirement announcement; freedom protests led by women in Iran; and more.

其他导致该词被选为年度词汇的关键时刻包括：最高法院投票推翻罗诉韦德案，从而撤销宪法规定的堕胎权；英国女王伊丽莎白二世去世；网球运动员塞雷娜·威廉（Serena William）宣布退役；伊朗女性为自由而抗争；等等。

overturn

表示“（使）翻倒，（使）倾覆；打翻”，英文解释为“if you overturn something, or if it overturns, it turns upside down or falls over on its side”举个🌰：

His conviction was overturned by the Court of Appeal. 他的有罪裁决被上诉法院推翻了。

📺英剧《唐顿庄园》（Downton Abbey）第三季中的台词提到：Even then, would we have enough to overturn the verdict? 即使拿到证词，就真能推翻判决吗？

revoke

revoke /rɪˈvəʊk/ 表示“撤销；废除；解除”，英文解释为“to say officially that an agreement, permission, a law, etc. is no longer in effect”举个🌰：

They have revoked their original decision to allow development of this rural area. 他们原来决定允许开发这一乡村地区，但现在已经收回成命。

constitutional

表示“宪法（或章程）允许的，符合宪法（或章程）的”，英文解释为“allowed by or contained in a constitution”举个🌰：

Such a policy would not be constitutional. 这样的政策是不符合宪法的。

abortion

表示“（通常指通过手术进行的）堕胎，人工流产”，英文解释为“If a woman has an abortion, she ends her pregnancy deliberately so that the baby is not born alive.”举个🌰：

He and his girlfriend had been going out together for a year when she had an abortion. 他的女友流产时，他和她已经交往了一年时间。

Referring to the supreme court abortion decision, Dictionary.com said: “Unsurprisingly, it resulted in both polarization and galvanization. That dynamic played out in November’s midterm elections, which upended trends and expectations.

谈到最高法院关于堕胎的决定时，该网站指出：“不出所料，它导致了两极分化并引发行动。这种变化在11月的中期选举中表现出来，颠覆了趋势和预期。

polarization

表示“两极分化”，动词形式 polarize /ˈpəʊ.lə.raɪz/ 表示“使两极分化，使截然对立”，英文解释为“to cause something, especially something that contains different people or opinions, to divide into two completely opposing groups”举个🌰：

The debate is becoming polarized and there seems to be no middle ground. 辩论变得两极化了，看起来没有中间立场。

galvanization

动词形式 galvanize /ˈɡæl.və.naɪz/ 表示“激起；使震惊；使振奋”，英文解释为“to cause someone to suddenly take action, especially by shocking or exciting them in some way”举个🌰：

Charities were galvanized by TV pictures of starving people. 饥民的照片在电视上播出后，慈善组织倍感震惊，马上行动了起来。

upend

表示“翻倒；倒放；使颠倒”，英文解释为“If you upend something, you turn it upside down.”举个🌰：

He upended the beer, and swallowed. 他把啤酒倒出来，大口喝了。

引申的，也有“使...结束；打倒；推翻”（To end up; to set on end）的含义。

🎬电影《云图》（Cloud Atlas）中的台词提到：And those who try to upend it do not fare well. 那些企图颠覆秩序的人不会善终。

补充：

📍fare well值得积累的一个表达，此前在「经济学人」足球客队为啥总是输？文中提到过，fare作动词，表示“进展；成功；遭遇”，直白地解释就是，xxx做得好/做得不好，表现得好/表现不好，后面可接well或者是badly（文中为比较级），英文解释为“If you say that someone or something fares well or badly, you are referring to the degree of success they achieve in a particular situation or activity.”举个🌰：

How did you fare in your exams? 你考得怎么样？

🎬电影《总统杀局》（The Ides of March）中的台词提到：And you wouldn't fare too well in federal prison. 你在联邦监狱也不会好过。

“The outcome has been attributed in part to an electorate, and particularly women, voting in reaction to the Dobbs ruling. The election also added to the ranks of the nation’s women governors, resulting in what will be a record number of women – 12 – serving as governors in 2023.”

“这一结果在一定程度上归因于选民，尤其是女性选民，通过投票来回应多布斯案的裁决。这次选举还增加了美国女性州长队伍，导致2023年女性州长的人数达到创纪录的12人。”

electorate

electorate /iˈlek.tər.ət/ 表示“全体选民”，英文解释为“all the people who are allowed to vote”

Dictionary.com’s senior director of editorial, John Kelly, said that to qualify as word of the year, a word must see “a significant increase in searches” and “capture the major cultural themes and trends in language” for the 12 months in question.

该网站的高级编辑主任约翰·凯利（John Kelly）说，要入选年度词汇，该词必须在12个月内“搜索量大幅增加”，并“捕获语言中的主要文化主题和趋势”。

qualify

1）表示“（使）具有资格，（使）合格”，英文解释为“to successfully finish a training course so that you are able to do a job; to have or achieve the necessary skills, etc.”举个🌰：

She hopes to qualify (as a teacher) at the end of the year. 她希望在年底获得（教师）资格。

🎬电影《合伙人》（The Company Men）中的台词提到：只靠我的薪水我们不可能再成功申请房贷 We're not going to be able to qualify for another house on just my salary.

2）表示“达标；获得参赛资格”，英文解释为“to be of a high enough standard to enter a competition; to defeat another person or team in order to enter or continue in a competition”举个🌰：

He failed to qualify. 他未能获得参赛资格。

In 2022, shortlisted words included inflation, quiet quitting, democracy, the Ukraine flag emoji 🇺🇦 and Wordle – the last a popular word game bought by the New York Times.

2022年，入围的词汇包括inflation（通货膨胀）、quiet quitting（宁静辞职/无声离职/躺平/摆烂）、democracy（民主）、乌克兰国旗表情符号🇺🇦和Wordle——最后一个是被《纽约时报》收购的广受欢迎的猜词游戏。

shortlist

表示“最终候选名单，决选名单；入围名单”，英文解释为“a list of people who have been judged the most suitable for a job or prize, made from a longer list of people originally considered, and from which one person will be chosen”举个🌰：

We've drawn up (= decided) a shortlist for the job. 我们已经确定了该职位的最终候选名单。

📍美式：short list是分开的。有shortlist就有longlist，意思就是“初选名单”（A long-list for something such as a job or a prize is a large group that has been chosen from all the people who applied for the job, or all the people or things that are competing for the prize. The successful ones from this group are chosen to go on the shortlist.）

同时，两个词都可以作为动词，比如shortlist作动词，表示“把…列入入围名单”举个🌰：

Candidates who are shortlisted for interview will be contacted by the end of the week. 入围参加面试的求职者将在周末以前得到通知。

inflation

表示“通货膨胀”，英文解释为“a general, continuous increase in prices”如：high/low inflation 高/低通货膨胀。

quiet quitting

柯林斯词典公布的2022年度十大热词中，类似于「躺平/摆烂」的quiet quitting一词也登上了榜单。

Quiet quitting，宁静辞职、无声离职、在职躺平、在职离职，不是指不出任何声音辞去工作，而是准时上班后，在工作期间只进行自己应该做的事情，工作时间完结就准时下班，不再为公司加班，放弃升职加薪的机会。详见：俞敏洪谈年轻人为何容易躺平摆烂。

In 2021, Dictionary.com named allyship as its word of the year. Previous words of the year were pandemic (2020), existential (2019), misinformation (2018), complicit (2017), xenophobia (2016), identity (2015), exposure (2014), privacy (2013), bluster (2012), tergiversate (2011), and change (2010).

2021年，词典网站Dictionary.com将allyship（同盟关系）选为年度词汇。前几年的年度词汇分别是pandemic（大流行病，2020年）、existential（存在主义，2019年）、misinformation（虚假信息，2018年）、complicit（同谋，2017年）、xenophobia（仇外心理，2016年）、identity（身份，2015年）、exposure（曝光，2014年）、privacy（隐私，2013年）、bulster（咆哮，2012年）、tergiversate（摇摆不定，2011年）和change（变化，2010年）。

allyship

表示“（强调社会正义、包容的）联盟；同盟关系”，英文解释为“the quality or practice of helping or supporting other people who are part of a group that is treated badly or unfairly, although you are not yourself a member of this group”

pandemic

韦氏词典2020年度词汇：Pandemic. 韦氏词典官方给出的释义为：an outbreak of a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area (such as multiple countries or continents) and typically affects a significant proportion of the population. 指的是疾病的爆发，所发生的地域广阔（如多个国家或大洲），通常影响很大一部分人口。

1）作名词，表示“（全国或全球性）流行病；大流行病”，英文解释为“a disease that spreads over a whole country or the whole world”；在新冠肺炎相关语境下，可以直接译成新冠疫情。

2）作形容词，表示“（疾病）大规模流行的，广泛蔓延的”，英文解释为“(of a disease) existing in almost all of an area or in almost all of a group of people, animals, or plants”举个🌰：

In some parts of the world malaria is still pandemic.在世界上一些地区疟疾仍在大规模流行。

对比：

📍epidemic表示“流行病”，英文解释为“a large number of cases of a particular disease happening at the same time in a particular community”，如：the outbreak of a flu epidemic 流感的爆发。

misinformation

表示“错误的信息；假消息”，英文解释为“wrong information, or the fact that people are misinformed; information intended to deceive”举个🌰：

His election campaign was based on misinformation about the rival candidates.

他的竞选活动是根据有关竞争对手的假消息进行的。

对比：

📍disinformation在谷歌撤下2500多个中国相关YouTube频道文中就出现过的disinformation，表示“假信息，假情报”，英文解释为“false information spread in order to deceive people”。

complicit

complicit /ˌkɒmˈplɪsɪt/ 表示“同谋的；串通的”，英文解释为“If someone is complicit in a crime or unfair activity, they are involved in it.”

📍2017年，词典网站Dictionary.com公布了其评选出的2017年度词汇就是这个词，complicit 同谋。

xenophobia

xenophobia /ˌzɛnəˈfəʊbɪə/ 很早之前在经济学人文章中我们学到这个词：Xenophobia，表示“对外国人（或外国习俗、宗教等）的憎恶（或恐惧）；排外情绪；恐外症；仇外”（extreme dislike or fear of foreigners, their customs, their religions, etc.）

bluster

作名词，也可以作动词，表示“气势汹汹地说话，咄咄逼人，威吓”，英文解释为“to talk in an aggressive or threatening way, but with little effect”举个🌰：

‘I don't know what you're talking about,’ he blustered. “我不知道你到底在说什么！”他气势汹汹地说。

tergiversate

1）表示“（说话）含糊其辞，支吾，回避事实”，英文解释为“to make statements that deliberately hide the truth or that avoid answering a question directly”

2）表示“改变立场；背叛；变节”，英文解释为“to stop being loyal to one person, group, or religion and begin to support another”

- 今日盘点 -

intersect

dominate

spike

in relation to

profile

pose

reference

hearing

nominee

senator

overturn

revoke

constitutional

abortion

polarization

galvanization

upend

electorate

qualify

shortlist

inflation

quiet quitting

allyship

pandemic

misinformation

complicit

xenophobia

bluster

tergiversate

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